Transistor definition for dummies8/17/2023 So in a NPN Transistor it is the movement of negative current carriers (electrons) through the Base region that constitutes transistor action, since these mobile electrons provide the link between the Collector and Emitter circuits. The Base supply voltage V B is connected to the Base resistor R B, which again is used to limit the maximum Base current. The Collector is connected to the supply voltage V CC via the load resistor, RL which also acts to limit the maximum current flowing through the device. Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, etc.Then the voltage sources are connected to an NPN transistor as shown.Network – a group of two or more computer systems linked together.Input / output devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc.Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability (in comparison with the third generation computers).Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers.A mix of both third- and fourth-generation languages.Programming language – high level language (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.).ROM (read-only memory) – a type of data storage used in computers that permanently stores data and programs (non-volatile: its contents are retained even when the computer is turned off).RAM (random-access memory) – a type of data storage (memory element) used in computers that temporary stores of programs and data (volatile: its contents are lost when the computer is turned off).Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.).VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip.Main electronic component – very large-scale integration (VLSI) and microprocessor.Examples – IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108, etc.įourth Generation of Computers The main characteristics of fourth generation of computers (1970s-present).Input / output devices – magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the second generation computers).Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers (they were called minicomputers).Programming language – high level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, C, etc.).Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk.Main electronic component – integrated circuits (ICs).Third Generation of Computers The main characteristics of third generation of computers (1960s-1970s) ![]() Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic tape. ![]() Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the first generation computers).Power and size – low power consumption, generated less heat, and smaller in size (in comparison with the first generation computers).Programming language – assembly language.Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk.Second Generation of Computers The main characteristics of second generation of computers (1950s-1960s) Quantity – there were about 100 different vacuum tube computers produced between 1942 and1963. ![]()
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